2023半岛星空体育·(中国)官方网站英语：《经济学人》中英读译Day76

英语阅读能力依靠什么？必然是词汇的积累，但，仅仅是词汇的积累是不够了，更应该了解英语句式，不同句型所表达意义。如何培养自己的阅读语感呢？那么就跟着半岛星空体育·(中国)官方网站小编每天学一点英语，一起为半岛星空体育·(中国)官方网站筑起坚实的地基。阅读是需要积累的，就像我们需要经常和人沟通才会促进我们的表达能力一样~小伙伴跟着小编一起，每天坚持打卡，培养英语阅读能力及语感，了解文章一些经典词汇的用法。

经济学人：自动驾驶汽车--比七个月大的婴儿还聪明?(3)

You could, for instance, ask a car fitted with a reasoning engine why it had hit the brakes, and it would be able to tell you that it thought a bicycle hidden by a van was about to enter the intersection ahead.A machine-learning program cannot do that.Besides helping improve program design, such information will, Dr Bhatt reckons, help regulators and insurance companies.It may thus speed up public acceptance of autonomous vehicles.Dr Bhatt's work is part of a long-standing debate in the field of artificial intelligence.Early AI researchers, working in the 1950s, chalked up some successes using this sort of preprogrammed reasoning.But, beginning in the 1990s, machine learning improved dramatically, thanks to better programming techniques combined with more powerful computers and the availability of more data.

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例如，如果问一辆装有推理引擎的汽车为什么踩刹车，它会告诉你它认为有一辆藏在货车后面的自行车即将进入前面的十字路口。而机器学习程序无法做到这一点。巴特博士认为，这些信息除了有助于改进项目设计之外，对监管机构和保险公司也会起到帮助作用。因此，它可能会加快公众对自动驾驶汽车的接受程度。巴特博士的工作在人工智能领域长期备受争论。20世纪50年代的早期人工智能研究人员使用这种预编程推理取得了一些成功。但是，从20世纪90年代开始，由于更好的编程技术、更强大的计算机以及更多数据的可用性，机器学习得到了显著改善。

 

Today almost all AI is based on it.Dr Bhatt is not, though, alone in his scepticism.Gary Marcus, who studies psychology and neural science at New York University and is also the boss of an AI and robotics company called Robust.AI, agrees.To support his point of view, Dr Marcus cites a much-publicised result, albeit from eight years ago.This was when engineers at DeepMind (then an independent company, now part of Google) wrote a program that could learn, without being given any hints about the rules, how to play Breakout, a video game which involves hitting a moving virtual ball with a virtual paddle.

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今天，几乎所有的人工智能都基于机器学习。不过，巴特博士并不是唯一持怀疑态度的人。加里·马库斯在纽约大学研究心理学和神经科学，他也是一家名为Robust.AI的人工智能和机器人公司的老板。为了支持他的观点，马库斯博士引用了一个8年前被广泛报道的结果。当时，DeepMind(当时是一家独立公司，现在隶属于谷歌)的工程师编写了一个程序，可以在不需要任何规则提示的情况下学习如何玩Breakout，这是一款电子游戏，需要用虚拟球拍击打移动中的虚拟球。

 

DeepMind's program was a great player.But when another group of researchers tinkered with Breakout's code—shifting the location of the paddles by just a few pixels—its abilities plummeted.It was not able to generalise what it had learned from a specific situation even to a situation that was only slightly different.For Dr Marcus, this example highlights the fragility of machine-learning.But others think it is symbolic reasoning which is brittle, and that machine learning still has a lot of mileage left in it.

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DeepMind的程序是一个杰出的玩家。但是，当另一组研究人员对Breakout的代码进行修改，将电板的位置稍稍改变了几个像素后，它的能力便一落千丈。它无法将自己从某个特定情境中学到的东西应用到即便只是略微不同的情形中。对马库斯博士来说，这个例子凸显了机器学习的脆弱性。但也有人认为符号推理才是脆弱的，而机器学习还有很大的进步空间。

 

Among them is Jeff Hawke, vice-president of technology at Wayve, a self-driving-car firm in London.Wayve's approach is to train the software elements running a car's various components simultaneously, rather than separately.In demonstrations, Wayve's cars make good decisions while navigating narrow, heavily trafficked London streets—a task that challenges many humans.

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伦敦的自动驾驶汽车公司Wayve的技术副总裁杰夫·霍克就是其中之一。Wayve的方法是对驱动汽车各个部件的软件同时开展训练，而不是分别训练。在演示中，Wayve的汽车在狭窄、拥挤的伦敦街道上行驶时做出了正确的决定——这对于人类驾驶员来说往往也颇具挑战。

注释

1.be about to do 即将

Energy taxes, already high, may be about to rise.

已经很高的能源税可能会继续上涨。

 

2.speed up 加速

I had already taken steps to speed up a solution to the problem.

我已经采取措施加快解决这个问题。

 

3.long-standing 长期存在的

They are on the brink of resolving their long-standing dispute over money.

他们即将要解决彼此之间为时已久的金钱争议。

 

4.chalk up 取得

All of us are eager to chalk up good results in the evaluation tests.

我们都渴望在评估考试中得到好的分数。