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经济学人:训练奶牛上厕所--既文明又减排(上)
Puppies can be taught. So can human children, though not for the first couple of years.Now, in the hope of fighting climate change, Dr Jan Langbein, of the Fredrich-Loweffler-Institut in Germany, and his colleagues hope they can train cows to use the toilet, too.Cow urine contains urea, a nitrogen-rich compound that, when broken down by enzymes in cow faeces, is converted into ammonia.Bacteria in the soil, in turn, convert that ammonia into nitrous oxide.Best known as a dental anaesthetic, the stuff is also a potent greenhouse gas.
译文
小狗可以被驯服,人类幼崽也可以,尽管头几年做不到。现在,为了对抗气候变化,德国Fredrich Loweffler研究所的扬·朗本博士和他的同事们希望也能训练奶牛上厕所。牛尿中含有尿素,一种富含氮的化合物。当尿素被牛粪便中的酶分解时会转化为氨,土壤里的细菌反之将氨转化为氧化亚氮。众所周知,这种物质是一种牙科麻醉剂,同时也是一种强效温室气体。
And agriculture is a big source of it.In the European Union, livestock farming accounts for around 70% of ammonia emissions.Collecting and treating cow pee before the ammonia can be produced might, therefore, seem like a good idea.But it has proved difficult in the past without confining the cows to small areas, which is bad for their welfare.
译文
而农业是这种物质的主要来源。在欧盟,畜牧业约占氨排放量的70%。因此,在氨产生之前就对牛尿进行收集和处理似乎是个好主意。但事实证明,在过去,如果不把牛限制在小范围内饲养(不利于牛的福利),那么很难对牛尿进行收集和处理。
As Dr Langbein describes in Current Biology, this conundrum could be solved if free-roaming cows could be persuaded to voluntarily relieve themselves in a latrine.But going to the loo is a tricky business, says Dr Langbein.It requires awareness of bladder fullness, self-control to override excretory reflexes, selection of a latrine, and intentional relaxation of the muscles which control the flow of urine.Nevertheless, he has developed a three-stage process to help cows master toilet training.
译文
正如朗本博士在《当代生物学》中所描述的那样,如果能够说服自由漫步的奶牛自愿在厕所中小便,那么这个难题就可以解决。但朗本博士表示,让牛上厕所是一件棘手的事情。它需要牛意识到膀胱充盈、控制排泄反射、选择厕所以及有意识地放松控制尿流的肌肉。尽管如此,朗本博士开发了一个分为三个阶段的过程来帮助奶牛上厕所。
注释
1.break down 分解
The analysis shows that plastics, particularly those that break down fast, are contributing to the climate change.
分析表明,塑料正在导致气候变化,尤其是那些快速分解的塑料。
2.convert into 把……转化成
Once made, HMF is fairly easy to convert into plastics or diesel fuel.
一旦制成羟甲基糠醛后,进一步将其转化成塑料或柴油燃料就会相当容易。
3.account for 占
The social services account for a substantial part of public spending.
社会服务性事业占政府开支的相当大的一部分。
4.tricky 棘手的
It was a tricky problem but I think we've licked it.
这是一个棘手的问题,但我认为我们轻而易举地把它解决了。
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